Manual:BGP HowTo & FAQ

Problem: BGP is not connecting

BGP uses TCP, you can start with testing TCP connectivity. One way to do that is as simple as /system telnet <remote-ip> 179. The result you see should be something like this: "Connection closed by foreign host". This means BGP port (179) is open and reachable.

If this is eBGP, make sure you have configured multihop=yes and TTL as needed. Use /routing bgp peer print status to see the current state of BGP connection.

Also note that if the remote peer is not supporting BGP Capabilities Advertisement (RFC 2842), some extra time will be needed for session establishment.

Problem: BGP connection is established, but routing updates are ignored

NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) is ignored if path attributes are invalid. Turn on BGP debug logs to see the exact cause of the problem. (/system logging add topics=bgp,!raw).

One frequent case is unacceptable BGP nexthop. (Read here more about RouterOS and BGP nexthops.) In this case you must fix the nexthop on the sending side. In case the sender also is MT, you can use nexthop-choice peer setting to modify default nexthop selection preferences. If that fails, specify nexthop manually using set-out-nexthop routing filter.

Question: How to check if a specific route exists in IP routing table?

Finding a route by prefix is pretty fast:

/ip route print where dst-address = 193.23.33.0/24

To find all routes with prefixes falling in a range:

/ip route print where dst-address in 193.23.0.0/16

You can also search routes by other attributes, but it will be much slower and can take some time on a router having full BGP feed.

For example, since RouterOS 3.23 you can use this syntax to match routes having originated from a specific AS 30621:

[atis@SM_BGP] > /ip route print detail where bgp-as-path ~ "30621\$"
Flags: X - disabled, A - active, D - dynamic,
C - connect, S - static, r - rip, b - bgp, o - ospf, m - mme,
B - blackhole, U - unreachable, P - prohibit
0 ADb  dst-address=12.151.74.0/23
       gateway=x.x.x.x recursive via y.y.y.y ether1 distance=20
       scope=40 target-scope=10 bgp-as-path="2588,42979,702,701,7018,30621"
       bgp-origin=igp received-from=x.x.x.x
 
1 ADb  dst-address=12.151.76.0/22
       gateway=x.x.x.x recursive via y.y.y.y ether1 distance=20
       scope=40 target-scope=10 bgp-as-path="2588,42979,702,701,7018,30621"
       bgp-atomic-aggregate=yes bgp-origin=igp received-from=x.x.x.x

Problem: Routes are exchanged and installed in IP route table, but they stay inactive

Routes must be resolved to become active; it's possible that you need to change scope or target-scope attributes for some routes.

Question: How to filter out something?

Use routing filters. For example, to filter out routes with a specific BGP community, add this rule:

/routing filter add bgp-communities=111:222 chain=bgp-in action=discard

Then tell BGP peer to use that filter chain:

/routing bgp peer set peer in-filter=bgp-in

There is also an out-filter BGP peer parameter for filtering outgoing BGP updates.

Note that since RouterOS 3.16, using routing-test package, bgp-as-path filter accepts regular expressions.

Question: How to quickly check how many routes there are in route table?

For all routes use:

ip route print count-only 

To see route count from a particular peer look at prefix-count property in:

route bgp peer print status

Question: How to seen routes advertised to, and routes received from a particular peer?

To see routes advertised to a particular peer (equivalent to show ip bgp neighbor x.x.x.x advertised-routes) use:

routing bgp advertisements print

Or

routing bgp advertisements print <peer_name>

To see routes received from a particular peer (equivalent to show ip bgp neighbor x.x.x.x received-routes) use:

ip route print where received-from=<peer_name>

Question: How to announce routes?

If your don't have many routes to announce and want the best control over them, use BGP networks or aggregates. Note that both maximal BGP network and aggregate count is limited to 200.

Otherwise use route redistribution options, configurable under BGP instance settings.

Question: What does BGP network synchronize option exactly mean?

Since version 3.30 routing-test it means "do not announce this network, unless there is a matching active IGP or connected route in IP route table".

Question: How to control advertised routing information?

Use routing filters.

To advertise the same information (e.g. some BGP attribute value) to all peers, use BGP instance out-filter:

/routing filter add set-bgp-communities=111:222 chain=bgp-out
/routing bgp instance set default out-filter=bgp-out

To send routing information to different peers, use peer specific filters. For example, if you want to advertise a lower preference value (higher path cost) to one of the peers, you can prepend your AS number multiple times to the BGP AS_PATH attribute:

/routing filter add set-bgp-prepend=4 chain=bgp-out-peer1
/routing bgp peer set peer1 out-filter=bgp-out-peer1

Use /routing bgp advertisements print to see what routing information exactly is advertised to peers.

Problem: Looks like my routing filter isn't working

Most likely prefix matcher is configured incorrectly. For example, say that you want to configure filter that will discard all routes falling under prefix 1.1.1.0/24.

The correct way to do this is with specifying prefix-length matcher:

add prefix=1.1.1.0/24 prefix-length=24-32 action=discard chain=bgp-in

Or (the same effect):

add prefix=1.1.1.0 prefix-length=24-32 action=discard chain=bgp-in

This rule is incorrect:

add prefix=1.1.1.0 action=discard chain=bgp-in

Default netmask is /32, so it will match only prefix 1.1.1.0/32

This is incorrect too:

add prefix=1.1.1.0/24 action=discard chain=bgp-in

This will match only route with netmask 255.255.255.0.

Use filter action log to see which routes are matched by a routing filter.

Question: How to announce just a single large IP prefix instead of many smaller (i.e. more specific) prefixes?

Use BGP aggregates if you need to aggregate multiple routes in a single one. An aggregate will be announced one if there are some active routes with more specific netmasks falling under it. When an aggregate becomes active, a corresponding blackhole route is a automatically created.

By default, BGP aggregates take in account only BGP routes. To also include IGP and connected routes in consideration, use include-igp configuration option.

Question: How to aggregate IGP routes?

Since 3.30 you can specify include-igp in BGP aggregate configuration. Example:

ip route add dst-address=10.9.9.0/25 gateway=10.0.0.1
ip route add dst-address=10.9.9.128/25 gateway=10.0.0.2
routing bgp aggregate add instance=default prefix=10.9.9.0/24 include-igp=yes

Results:

[admin@MikroTik] > routing bgp advertisements print
PEER     PREFIX               NEXTHOP          AS-PATH                              ORIGIN     LOCAL-PREF
peer1    10.9.9.0/24          10.0.0.131                                            incomplete

Use routing filters to control which routes are aggregated. For example, if you don't want to aggregate connected routes:

routing filter add chain=aggregate-out protocol=connect action=discard
routing bgp aggregate set [find] advertise-filter=aggregate-out 

Question: How to advertise the default route?

To send default route to a particular peer, set default-originate=always or if-installed for that peer.

Problem: Routes are announced, but with attributes not from IP routing table

There exists a limitation in MT BGP operation: if a BGP network with synchronization turned off, or default route generated by default-originate=always configuration statement is announced, the attributes of that route will not be taken from routing table.

If synchronize=yes or default-originate=if-installed is used, the attributes of the announced route will be taken from routing table.

Question: Can MT propagate BGP route updates without installing them in IP route table (i.e. serve as a pure route reflector)?

No.