Manual:Packet Flow: Difference between revisions

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{{Versions| v6.0+}}
{{Versions|v3, v4, v5+}}


==Overview==
==Overview==


MikroTik RouterOS is designed to be easy to operate in various aspects of network configuration. Therefore creating limitation for individual IP or NATting internal clients to a public address or Hotspot configuration can be done without the knowledge about how the packets are processed in the router - you just go to corresponding menu and create necessary configuration.
MikroTik RouterOS is designed to be easy to operate in various aspects of network configuration. Therefore creating limitation for individual IP or natting internal clients to a public address or Hotspot configuration can be done without the knowledge about how the packets are processed in the router - you just go to corresponding menu and create necessary configuration.


However more complicated tasks, such as traffic prioritization, routing policies, where it is necessary to utilize more than one RouterOS facility, requires knowledge: How these facilities work together? What happens when and why?  
However more complicated tasks, such as traffic prioritization, routing policies, where it is necessary to utilize more than one RouterOS facility, requires knowledge: How these facilities work together? What happens when and why?  
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To address these questions we created a packet flow diagram.
To address these questions we created a packet flow diagram.


==Diagrams==
==Diagram==


For MikroTik RouterOS v6.0 was created detailed diagrams to ease understanding of packet flow.
{{Note | a new diagram has been created, specifically optimized for the new mechanisms in RouterOS v6 and above. [[Manual:Packet_Flow_v6|Please see it here]]}}
===Overall Packetflow Diagram===
[[Image:PacketFlowDiagram_v6_a.svg|Packet Flow Diagram|center]]
===Bridging Diagram===


In this subsection you can inspect how the packet is going through the bridge. For example, if you configure <code>/interface bridge settings set use-ip-firewall=yes</code>, then the packet will go through the one of all three predefined IP firewall filter chains: [https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:IP/Firewall/Filter#Chains input, output, forward.]
As it was impossible to get everything in one diagram, '''Packet flow diagram''' for Mikrotik RouterOS v3.x was created in 2 parts:
* '''Bridging or Layer-2 (MAC)''' where Routing part is simplified to one "Layer-3" box
* '''Routing or Layer-3 (IP)''' where Bridging part is simplified to one "Bridging" box


[[Image:Bridging-Diagram.jpg|450px|thumb|Bridging Diagram|left]]
The packet flow diagram is also available [http://wiki.mikrotik.com/images/1/1b/Traffic_Flow_Diagram_RouterOS_3.x.pdf as a PDF].  
<br>
===MPLS Diagram===
Packet-forwarding decisions are made solely on the contents of this label, without the need to examine the packet itself. Diagram describe [https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:MPLS MPLS] label movement in RouterOS.
[[Image:Mpls Diagram.jpg|550px|MPLS Diagram|center]]
===Routing Diagram===
Each routing protocol (except BGP) has it's own internal tables. This is where per-protocol routing decisions are made. BGP does not have internal routing tables and stores complete routing information from all peers in the [https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:IP/Route#Routing_Information_Base RIB]. RIB contains routes grouped in separate routing tables based on their value of routing-mark. All routes without routing-mark are kept in the main routing table. These tables are used for best route selection. The main table is also used for nexthop lookup.
[[Image:Routing Diagram.jpg|550px|Routing Diagram|center]]


====Packet Flow Chains====
[[Image:Bridge_final.png|Packet Flow in Layer-2|700px]]
This diagram explains in detail each section of the Overall Packetflow Diagram.
 
   
 
[[Image:Pfd.png|Packet Flow Chains|840px|center]]
[[Image:IP_final.png|Packet Flow in Layer-3|700px]]
 
==== Changes in RouterOS v6 ====
 
The following changes have been made to the Packet Flow in RouterOS v6, see red cirdled elements in the image:
 
[[File:Packetflowv6.png|700px]]
 
 
==== MPLS Packet Flow ====
 
 
[[File:mpls-packet-flow-input.png|330px]] [[File:mpls-packet-flow-output.png|400px]]
 
==Analysis==
 
===Basic Concepts===
 
[[Image:Input_interface.jpg|Input Interface|100px]] - starting point in packets way through the router facilities. It does not matter what interface (physical or virtual) packet is received it will start its way from here.
 
[[Image:output_interface.jpg|Output Interface|100px]] - last point in packets way through the router facilities. Just before the packet is actually sent out.
 
[[Image:local_process-_in.jpg|Local Process IN|100px]] - last point in packets way '''to''' router itself, after this packet is discarded
 
[[Image:local_process-_out.jpg|Local Process OUT|100px]] - starting point for packets generated by router itself
 
===Configurable Facilities===
 
Each and every facilities in this section corresponds with one particular menu in RouterOS. Users are able to access those menu and configure these facilities directly
 
 
[[Image:connection_tracking.jpg|Connection Tracking|100px]]  - '''/ip firewall connection tracking'''
 
[[Image:Filter_input.jpg|Filter Input|100px]]
[[Image:Filter_forward.jpg|Filter Forward|100px]]
[[Image:Filter_output.jpg|Filter Output|100px]] - '''/ip firewall filter'''
 
[[Image:src_nat.jpg|Source NAT|100px]]
[[Image:dst_nat.jpg|Destination NAT|100px]] - '''/ip firewall nat'''
 
[[Image:mangle_prerouting.jpg|Mangle Prerouting|100px]]
[[Image:mangle_input.jpg|Mangle Input|100px]]
[[Image:mangle_forward.jpg|Mangle Forward|100px]]
[[Image:mangle_output.jpg|Mangle Output|100px]]
[[Image:mangle_postrouting.jpg|Mangle Postrouting|100px]] - '''/ip firewall mangle'''
 
[[Image:global_in.jpg|Global-in HTB|100px]]
[[Image:global_out.jpg|Global-Out HTB|100px]]
[[Image:Interface HTB.jpg|Interface HTB|100px]]  - '''/queue simple''' and '''/queue tree'''
 
[[Image:IPsec_policy.jpg|IPSec_Policy|100px]] - '''/ip ipsec policy'''
 
[[Image:accounting.jpg|Accounting|100px]] - '''/ip accounting'''
 
[[Image:use_ip_firewall.jpg|Use IP Firewall|100px]] - '''/interface bridge settings''' - available only for traffic that go '''through''' the bridge. For all other traffic default value is '''Yes'''
 
[[Image:bridge_input.jpg|Bridge Input|100px]]
[[Image:Bridge_forward.jpg|Bridge Forward|100px]]
[[Image:Bridge_output.jpg|Bridge Output|100px]] - '''/interface bridge filter'''
 
[[Image:Bridge_dst_nat.jpg|Bridge Destination NAT|100px]]
[[Image:Bridge_src_nat.jpg|Bridge Source NAT|100px]] - '''/interface bridge nat'''
 
===Automated processes and decisions ===
 
[[Image:In-interface-bridge.jpg|In-interface Bridge|100px]] - check if the ''actual input interface'' is a port for bridge OR  checks if ''input interface'' is bridge
 
[[Image:hotspot_in.jpg|Hotspot In|100px]] - allow to capture traffic witch otherwise would be discarded by connection tracking - this way our Hotspot feature are able to provide connectivity even if networks settings are in complete mess
 
[[Image:Bridge Desicion.jpg|Bridge Decision|100px]] - bridge goes through the MAC address table in order to find a match to destination MAC address of packet. When match is found - packet will be send out via corresponding bridge port. In case of no match - multiple copies of packet will be created and packet will be sent out via all bridge ports
 
[[Image:bridge_decision.jpg|Bridge Decision|100px]] - this is a workaround, allows to use "out-bridge-port" before actual bridge decision.
 
[[Image:routing_decision.JPG|Routing Decision|100px]] - router goes through the route n order to find a match to destination IP address of packet. When match is found - packet will be send out via corresponding port or to the router itself . In case of no match - packet will be discarded.
 
[[Image:routing_adjustment.jpg|Routing Adjustment|100px]] - this is a workaround that allows to set-up policy routing in mangle chain output
 
[[Image:TTL=TTL-1.jpg|TTL Adjustment|100px]] - indicates exact place where Time To Live (TTL) of the routed packet is reduced by 1. If it become 0 packet will be discarded
 
[[Image:IPSec_Decryption.jpg|IPSec_Decryption|100px]] [[Image:IPSec_Encryption.jpg|IPSec_Encryption|100px]] - self explainatory
 
[[Image:out_interface_bridge.jpg|Out-interface Bridge|100px]] - check if the ''actual output interface'' is a port for bridge OR checks if ''output interface'' is bridge
 
[[Image:Hotspot_out.jpg|Hotspot Out|100px]] - undo all that was done by hotspot-in for the packets that is going back to client.


==Examples==
==Examples==


In this subsection you can overview different protocol packet processing in RouterOS.
===Bridging with use-ip-firewall=yes===
 
[[Image:Packet_Flow_Example_1.png|Packet Flow Example 1|700px]]
 
 
===Routing - from Ethernet to Ethernet interface===
 
[[Image:Packet_Flow_Example_2c.png|Packet Flow Example 2|700px]]
 
===Routing from one Bridge interface to different Bridge interface===
 
[[Image:Packet_Flow_Example_3_1.png|Packet Flow Example 3|700px]]
[[Image:Packet_Flow_Example_3_2c.png|Packet Flow Example 3|700px]]
 
===IPsec encryption===
 
[[Image:Packet_Flow_Example_4c.png|Packet Flow Example 4|700px]]
 
===IPsec decryption===
 
[[Image:Packet_Flow_Example_5c.png|Packet Flow Example 5|700px]]
 


===Bridge port in with PPPoE-out===
[[Category:Manual|P]]
[[File:Packetflow6-a.png|Example 1|800px|center]]
[[Category:IP|P]]
===PPPoE-in with bridge port out===
[[Category:QoS|P]]
[[File:Packetflow6-b.png|Example 2|800px|center]]
[[Category:Case Studies|P]]
===Vlan Untagging/Tagging in the bridge interface===
[[File:Packetflow6-c.png|Example 3|800px|center]]
===EoIP with VPLS out===
[[File:Packetflow6-d.png|Example 4|800px|center]]
===Ipsec Encryption/Decryption===
[https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:IP/IPsec Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)] is a set of protocols defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to secure packet exchange over unprotected IP/IPv6 networks such as Internet.
[[Image:IpsecFlow.png|Example 5|center]]

Revision as of 14:24, 2 November 2018

Applies to RouterOS: v3, v4, v5+

Overview

MikroTik RouterOS is designed to be easy to operate in various aspects of network configuration. Therefore creating limitation for individual IP or natting internal clients to a public address or Hotspot configuration can be done without the knowledge about how the packets are processed in the router - you just go to corresponding menu and create necessary configuration.

However more complicated tasks, such as traffic prioritization, routing policies, where it is necessary to utilize more than one RouterOS facility, requires knowledge: How these facilities work together? What happens when and why?

To address these questions we created a packet flow diagram.

Diagram

Note: a new diagram has been created, specifically optimized for the new mechanisms in RouterOS v6 and above. Please see it here


As it was impossible to get everything in one diagram, Packet flow diagram for Mikrotik RouterOS v3.x was created in 2 parts:

  • Bridging or Layer-2 (MAC) where Routing part is simplified to one "Layer-3" box
  • Routing or Layer-3 (IP) where Bridging part is simplified to one "Bridging" box

The packet flow diagram is also available as a PDF.

Packet Flow in Layer-2


Packet Flow in Layer-3

Changes in RouterOS v6

The following changes have been made to the Packet Flow in RouterOS v6, see red cirdled elements in the image:


MPLS Packet Flow

Analysis

Basic Concepts

Input Interface - starting point in packets way through the router facilities. It does not matter what interface (physical or virtual) packet is received it will start its way from here.

Output Interface - last point in packets way through the router facilities. Just before the packet is actually sent out.

Local Process IN - last point in packets way to router itself, after this packet is discarded

Local Process OUT - starting point for packets generated by router itself

Configurable Facilities

Each and every facilities in this section corresponds with one particular menu in RouterOS. Users are able to access those menu and configure these facilities directly


Connection Tracking - /ip firewall connection tracking

Filter Input Filter Forward Filter Output - /ip firewall filter

Source NAT Destination NAT - /ip firewall nat

Mangle Prerouting Mangle Input Mangle Forward Mangle Output Mangle Postrouting - /ip firewall mangle

Global-in HTB Global-Out HTB Interface HTB - /queue simple and /queue tree

IPSec_Policy - /ip ipsec policy

Accounting - /ip accounting

Use IP Firewall - /interface bridge settings - available only for traffic that go through the bridge. For all other traffic default value is Yes

Bridge Input Bridge Forward Bridge Output - /interface bridge filter

Bridge Destination NAT Bridge Source NAT - /interface bridge nat

Automated processes and decisions

In-interface Bridge - check if the actual input interface is a port for bridge OR checks if input interface is bridge

Hotspot In - allow to capture traffic witch otherwise would be discarded by connection tracking - this way our Hotspot feature are able to provide connectivity even if networks settings are in complete mess

Bridge Decision - bridge goes through the MAC address table in order to find a match to destination MAC address of packet. When match is found - packet will be send out via corresponding bridge port. In case of no match - multiple copies of packet will be created and packet will be sent out via all bridge ports

Bridge Decision - this is a workaround, allows to use "out-bridge-port" before actual bridge decision.

Routing Decision - router goes through the route n order to find a match to destination IP address of packet. When match is found - packet will be send out via corresponding port or to the router itself . In case of no match - packet will be discarded.

Routing Adjustment - this is a workaround that allows to set-up policy routing in mangle chain output

TTL Adjustment - indicates exact place where Time To Live (TTL) of the routed packet is reduced by 1. If it become 0 packet will be discarded

IPSec_Decryption IPSec_Encryption - self explainatory

Out-interface Bridge - check if the actual output interface is a port for bridge OR checks if output interface is bridge

Hotspot Out - undo all that was done by hotspot-in for the packets that is going back to client.

Examples

Bridging with use-ip-firewall=yes

Packet Flow Example 1


Routing - from Ethernet to Ethernet interface

Packet Flow Example 2

Routing from one Bridge interface to different Bridge interface

Packet Flow Example 3 Packet Flow Example 3

IPsec encryption

Packet Flow Example 4

IPsec decryption

Packet Flow Example 5

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