Manual:IP/Firewall/NAT

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Applies to RouterOS: v3, v4 +

Summary

Sub-menu: /ip firewall nat


Network Address Translation is an Internet standard that allows hosts on local area networks to use one set of IP addresses for internal communications and another set of IP addresses for external communications. A LAN that uses NAT is referred as natted network. For NAT to function, there should be a NAT gateway in each natted network. The NAT gateway (NAT router) performs IP address rewriting on the way a packet travel from/to LAN.

There are two types of NAT:

  • source NAT or srcnat. This type of NAT is performed on packets that are originated from a natted network. A NAT router replaces the private source address of an IP packet with a new public IP address as it travels through the router. A reverse operation is applied to the reply packets travelling in the other direction.
  • destination NAT or dstnat. This type of NAT is performed on packets that are destined to the natted network. It is most comonly used to make hosts on a private network to be acceesible from the Internet. A NAT router performing dstnat replaces the destination IP address of an IP packet as it travel through the router towards a private network.

Hosts behind a NAT-enabled router do not have true end-to-end connectivity. Therefore some Internet protocols might not work in scenarios with NAT. Services that require the initiation of TCP connection from outside the private network or stateless protocols such as UDP, can be disrupted. Moreover, some protocols are inherently incompatible with NAT, a bold example is AH protocol from the IPsec suite.

To overcome these limitations RouterOS includes a number of so-called NAT helpers, that enable NAT traversal for various protocols.

Properties

Property Description
action (action name; Default: accept) Action to take if packet is matched by the rule:
  • accept - accept the packet. Packet is not passed to next NAT rule.
  • add-dst-to-address-list - add destination address to Address list specified by address-list parameter
  • add-src-to-address-list - add source address to Address list specified by address-list parameter
  • dst-nat - replaces destination address and/or port of an IP packet to values specified by to-addresses and to-ports parameters
  • jump - jump to the user defined chain specified by the value of jump-target parameter
  • log - add a message to the system log containing following data: in-interface, out-interface, src-mac, protocol, src-ip:port->dst-ip:port and length of the packet. After packet is matched it is passed to next rule in the list, similar as passthrough
  • masquerade - replace source address of an IP packet to IP determined by routing facility.
  • netmap - creates a static 1:1 mapping of one set of IP addresses to another one. Often used to distribute public IP addresses to hosts on private networks
  • passthrough - ignore this rule and go to next one (useful for statistics).
  • redirect - replaces destination port of an IP packet to one specified by to-ports parameter
  • return - passes control back to the chain from where the jump took place
  • same - gives a particular client the same source/destination IP address from supplied range for each connection. This is most frequently used for services that expect the same client address for multiple connections from the same client
  • src-nat - replaces source address of an IP packet to values specified by to-addresses and to-ports parameters
address-list (string; Default: ) Name of the address list to be used. Applicable if action is add-dst-to-address-list or add-src-to-address-list
address-list-timeout (time; Default: 00:00:00) Time interval after which the address will be removed from the address list specified by address-list parameter. Used in conjunction with add-dst-to-address-list or add-src-to-address-list actions
Value of 00:00:00 will leave the address in the address list forever
chain (name; Default: ) Specifies to which chain rule will be added. If the input does not match the name of an already defined chain, a new chain will be created.
comment (string; Default: ) Descriptive comment for the rule.
connection-bytes (integer-integer; Default: ) Matches packets only if a given amount of bytes has been transfered through the particular connection. 0 - means infinity, for example connection-bytes=2000000-0 means that the rule matches if more than 2MB has been transfered through the relevant connection
connection-limit (integer,netmaks; Default: ) Restrict connection limit per address or address block/td>
connection-mark (no-mark | string; Default: ) Matches packets marked via mangle facility with particular connection mark. If no-mark is set, rule will match any unmarked connection.
connection-rate (Integer 0..4294967295; Default: ) Connection Rate is a firewall matcher that allow to capture traffic based on present speed of the connection. Read more>>
connection-state (estabilished | invalid | new | related; Default: ) Interprets the connection tracking analysis data for a particular packet:
  • established - a packet which belongs to an existing connection
  • invalid - a packet which could not be identified for some reason
  • new - a packet which begins a new connection
  • related - a packet which is related to, but not part of an existing connection, such as ICMP errors or a packet which begins FTP data connection
connection-type (ftp | h323 | irc | pptp | quake3 | sip | tftp; Default: ) Matches packets from related connections based on information from their connection tracking helpers. A relevant connection helper must be enabled under /ip firewall service-port
content (string; Default: ) Match packets that contain specified text
dscp (integer: 0..63; Default: ) Matches DSCP IP header field.
dst-address (IP/netmask | IP range; Default: ) Matches packets which destination is equal to specified IP or falls into specified IP range.
dst-address-list (name; Default: ) Matches destination address of a packet against user-defined address list
dst-address-type (unicast | local | broadcast | multicast; Default: ) Matches destination address type:
  • unicast - IP address used for point to point transmission
  • local - if dst-address is assigned to one of router's interfaces
  • broadcast - packet is sent to all devices in subnet
  • multicast - packet is forwarded to defined group of devices
dst-limit (integer,time,integer,dst-address | dst-port | src-address, time; Default: ) Matches packets if given pps limit is exceeded. As opposed to the limit matcher, every destination IP address / destination port has it's own limit. Parameters are written in following format: count,time,burst,mode,expire.
  • count - maximum average packet rate measured in packets per time interval
  • time - specifies the time interval in which the packet rate is measured
  • burst - number of packets which are not counted by packet rate
  • mode - the classifier for packet rate limiting
  • expire - specifies interval after which recored ip address /port will be deleted
dst-port (integer[-integer]: 0..65535; Default: ) List of destination port numbers or port number ranges
fragment (yes|no; Default: ) Matches fragmented packets. First (starting) fragment does not count. If connection tracking is enabled there will be no fragments as system automatically assembles every packet
hotspot (auth | from-client | http | local-dst | to-client; Default: )
icmp-options (integer:integer; Default: ) Matches ICMP type:code fileds
in-bridge-port (name; Default: ) Actual interface the packet has entered the router, if incoming interface is bridge
in-interface (name; Default: ) Interface the packet has entered the router
ingress-priority (integer: 0..63; Default: ) Matches ingress priority of the packet. Priority may be derived from VLAN, WMM or MPLS EXP bit. Read more>>
ipv4-options (any | loose-source-routing | no-record-route | no-router-alert | no-source-routing | no-timestamp | none | record-route | router-alert | strict-source-routing | timestamp; Default: ) Matches IPv4 header options.
  • any - match packet with at least one of the ipv4 options
  • loose-source-routing - match packets with loose source routing option. This option is used to route the internet datagram based on information supplied by the source
  • no-record-route - match packets with no record route option. This option is used to route the internet datagram based on information supplied by the source
  • no-router-alert - match packets with no router alter option
  • no-source-routing - match packets with no source routing option
  • no-timestamp - match packets with no timestamp option
  • record-route - match packets with record route option
  • router-alert - match packets with router alter option
  • strict-source-routing - match packets with strict source routing option
  • timestamp - match packets with timestamp
jump-target (name; Default: ) Name of the target chain to jump to. Applicable only if action=jump
layer7-protocol (name; Default: ) Layer7 filter name defined in layer7 protocol menu.
limit (integer,time,integer; Default: ) Matches packets if given pps limit is exceeded. Parameters are written in following format: count,time,burst.
  • count - maximum average packet rate measured in packets per time interval
  • time - specifies the time interval in which the packet rate is measured
  • burst - number of packets which are not counted by packet rate
log-prefix (string; Default: ) Adds specified text at the beginning of every log message. Applicable if action=log
nth (integer,integer; Default: ) Matches every nth packet. Read more >>
out-bridge-port (name; Default: ) Actual interface the packet is leaving the router, if outgoing interface is bridge
out-interface (; Default: ) Interface the packet is leaving the router
packet-mark (no-mark | string; Default: ) Matches packets marked via mangle facility with particular packet mark. If no-mark is set, rule will match any unmarked packet.
packet-size (integer[-integer]:0..65535; Default: ) Matches packets of specified size or size range in bytes.
per-connection-classifier (ValuesToHash:Denominator/Remainder; Default: ) PCC matcher allows to divide traffic into equal streams with ability to keep packets with specific set of options in one particular stream. Read more >>
port (integer[-integer]: 0..65535; Default: ) Matches if any (source or destination) port matches the specified list of ports or port ranges. Applicable only if protocol is TCP or UDP
protocol (name or protocol ID; Default: tcp) Matches particular IP protocol specified by protocol name or number
psd (integer,time,integer,integer; Default: ) Attempts to detect TCP and UDP scans. Parameters are in following format WeightThreshold, DelayThreshold, LopPortWeight, HighPortWeight
  • WeightThreshold - total weight of the latest TCP/UDP packets with different destination ports coming from the same host to be treated as port scan sequence
  • DelayThreshold - delay for the packets with different destination ports coming from the same host to be treated as possible port scan subsequence
  • LowPortWeight - weight of the packets with privileged (<=1024) destination port
  • HighPortWeight - weight of the packet with non-priviliged destination port
random (integer: 1..99; Default: ) Matches packets randomly with given probability.
routing-mark (string; Default: ) Matches packets marked by mangle facility with particular routing mark
same-not-by-dst (yes | no; Default: ) Specifies whether to take into account or not destination IP address when selecting a new source IP address. Applicable if action=same
src-address (Ip/Netmaks, Ip range; Default: ) Matches packets which source is equal to specified IP or falls into specified IP range.
src-address-list (name; Default: ) Matches source address of a packet against user-defined address list
src-address-type (unicast | local | broadcast | multicast; Default: )

Matches source address type:

  • unicast - IP address used for point to point transmission
  • local - if address is assigned to one of router's interfaces
  • broadcast - packet is sent to all devices in subnet
  • multicast - packet is forwarded to defined group of devices
src-port (integer[-integer]: 0..65535; Default: ) List of source ports and ranges of source ports. Applicable only if protocol is TCP or UDP.
src-mac-address (MAC address; Default: ) Matches source MAC address of the packet
tcp-flags (ack | cwr | ece | fin | psh | rst | syn | urg; Default: ) Matches specified TCP flags
  • ack - acknowledging data
  • cwr - congestion window reduced
  • ece - ECN-echo flag (explicit congestion notification)
  • fin - close connection
  • psh - push function
  • rst - drop connection
  • syn - new connection
  • urg - urgent data
tcp-mss (integer: 0..65535; Default: ) Matches TCP MSS value of an IP packet
time (time-time,sat | fri | thu | wed | tue | mon | sun; Default: ) Allows to create filter based on the packets' arrival time and date or, for locally generated packets, departure time and date
to-addresses (IP address[-IP address]; Default: 0.0.0.0) Replace original address with specified one. Applicable if action is dst-nat, netmap, same, src-nat
to-ports (integer[-integer]: 0..255; Default: ) Replace original port with specified one. Applicable if action is dst-nat, redirect, netmap, same, src-nat
ttl (integer: 0..255; Default: ) Matches packets TTL value

Stats

/ip firewall nat print stats will show additional read-only properties

Property Description
bytes (integer) Total amount of bytes matched by the rule
packets (integer) Total amount of packets matched by the rule


By default print is equivalent to print static and shows only static rules.

[admin@dzeltenais_burkaans] /ip firewall mangle> print stats
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic 
 #   CHAIN              ACTION                  BYTES           PACKETS        
 0   prerouting         mark-routing            17478158        127631         
 1   prerouting         mark-routing            782505          4506           

To print also dynamic rules use print all.

[admin@dzeltenais_burkaans] /ip firewall mangle> print all stats
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic 
 #   CHAIN              ACTION                  BYTES           PACKETS        
 0   prerouting         mark-routing            17478158        127631         
 1   prerouting         mark-routing            782505          4506           
 2 D forward            change-mss              0               0              
 3 D forward            change-mss              0               0              
 4 D forward            change-mss              0               0              
 5 D forward            change-mss              129372          2031  

Or to print only dynamic rules use print dynamic

[admin@dzeltenais_burkaans] /ip firewall mangle> print stats dynamic 
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic 
 #   CHAIN              ACTION                  BYTES           PACKETS        
 0 D forward            change-mss              0               0              
 1 D forward            change-mss              0               0              
 2 D forward            change-mss              0               0              
 3 D forward            change-mss              132444          2079 


Menu specific commands

Property Description
reset-counters (id) Reset statistics counters for specified firewall rules.
reset-counters-all () Reset statistics counters for all firewall rules.

Basic examples

Source NAT

If you want to "hide" the private LAN 192.168.0.0/24 "behind" one address 10.5.8.109 given to you by the ISP, you should use the source network address translation (masquerading) feature of the MikroTik router. The masquerading will change the source IP address and port of the packets originated from the network 192.168.0.0/24 to the address 10.5.8.109 of the router when the packet is routed through it.

To use masquerading, a source NAT rule with action 'masquerade' should be added to the firewall configuration:

/ip firewall nat add chain=srcnat action=masquerade out-interface=Public

All outgoing connections from the network 192.168.0.0/24 will have source address 10.5.8.109 of the router and source port above 1024. No access from the Internet will be possible to the Local addresses. If you want to allow connections to the server on the local network, you should use destination Network Address Translation (NAT).

Destination NAT

If you want to link Public IP 10.5.8.200 address to Local one 192.168.0.109, you should use destination address translation feature of the MikroTik router. Also if you want allow Local server to talk with outside with given Public IP you should use source address translation, too.

Add Public IP to Public interface:

/ip address add address=10.5.8.200/32 interface=Public   

Add rule allowing access to the internal server from external networks:

/ip firewall nat add chain=dstnat dst-address=10.5.8.200 action=dst-nat \
	to-addresses=192.168.0.109 

Add rule allowing the internal server to talk to the outer networks having its source address translated to 10.5.8.200:

/ip firewall nat add chain=srcnat src-address=192.168.0.109 action=src-nat \
	to-addresses=10.5.8.200

1:1 mapping

If you want to link Public IP subnet 11.11.11.0/24 to local one 2.2.2.0/24, you should use destination address translation and source address translation features with action=netmap.

/ip firewall nat add chain=dstnat dst-address=11.11.11.1-11.11.11.254 \
	action=netmap to-addresses=2.2.2.1-2.2.2.254

/ip firewall nat add chain=srcnat src-address=2.2.2.1-2.2.2.254 \
	action=netmap to-addresses=11.11.11.1-11.11.11.254  

Port mapping

If you would like to direct requests for a certain port to an internal machine (sometimes called opening a port, port mapping), you can do it like this:


/ip firewall nat add chain=dstnat dst-port=1234 action=dst-nat protocol=tcp to-address=192.168.1.1 to-port=1234 

This rule translates to: when an incoming connection requests TCP port 1234, use the DST-NAT action and redirect it to local address 192.168.1.1 and the port 1234


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